pow.c File Reference

#include <math.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include "libm.h"
#include "exp_data.h"
#include "pow_data.h"

Include dependency graph for pow.c:

Go to the source code of this file.

Macros
#define	T   __pow_log_data.tab
#define	A   __pow_log_data.poly
#define	Ln2hi   __pow_log_data.ln2hi
#define	Ln2lo   __pow_log_data.ln2lo
#define	N   (1 << POW_LOG_TABLE_BITS)
#define	OFF   0x3fe6955500000000
#define	N   (1 << EXP_TABLE_BITS)
#define	InvLn2N   __exp_data.invln2N
#define	NegLn2hiN   __exp_data.negln2hiN
#define	NegLn2loN   __exp_data.negln2loN
#define	Shift   __exp_data.shift
#define	T   __exp_data.tab
#define	C2   __exp_data.poly[5 - EXP_POLY_ORDER]
#define	C3   __exp_data.poly[6 - EXP_POLY_ORDER]
#define	C4   __exp_data.poly[7 - EXP_POLY_ORDER]
#define	C5   __exp_data.poly[8 - EXP_POLY_ORDER]
#define	C6   __exp_data.poly[9 - EXP_POLY_ORDER]
#define	SIGN_BIAS   (0x800 << EXP_TABLE_BITS)

Functions
static uint32_t	top12 (double x)
static double_t	log_inline (uint64_t ix, double_t *tail)
static double	specialcase (double_t tmp, uint64_t sbits, uint64_t ki)
static double	exp_inline (double_t x, double_t xtail, uint32_t sign_bias)
static int	checkint (uint64_t iy)
static int	zeroinfnan (uint64_t i)
double	pow (double x, double y)

Macro Definition Documentation

A

#define A   __pow_log_data.poly

Definition at line 35 of file pow.c.

C2

#define C2   __exp_data.poly[5 - EXP_POLY_ORDER]

Definition at line 125 of file pow.c.

C3

#define C3   __exp_data.poly[6 - EXP_POLY_ORDER]

Definition at line 126 of file pow.c.

C4

#define C4   __exp_data.poly[7 - EXP_POLY_ORDER]

Definition at line 127 of file pow.c.

C5

#define C5   __exp_data.poly[8 - EXP_POLY_ORDER]

Definition at line 128 of file pow.c.

C6

#define C6   __exp_data.poly[9 - EXP_POLY_ORDER]

Definition at line 129 of file pow.c.

InvLn2N

#define InvLn2N   __exp_data.invln2N

Definition at line 120 of file pow.c.

Ln2hi

#define Ln2hi   __pow_log_data.ln2hi

Definition at line 36 of file pow.c.

Ln2lo

#define Ln2lo   __pow_log_data.ln2lo

Definition at line 37 of file pow.c.

N [1/2]

#define N   (1 << POW_LOG_TABLE_BITS)

Definition at line 119 of file pow.c.

N [2/2]

#define N   (1 << EXP_TABLE_BITS)

Definition at line 119 of file pow.c.

NegLn2hiN

#define NegLn2hiN   __exp_data.negln2hiN

Definition at line 121 of file pow.c.

NegLn2loN

#define NegLn2loN   __exp_data.negln2loN

Definition at line 122 of file pow.c.

OFF

#define OFF   0x3fe6955500000000

Definition at line 39 of file pow.c.

Shift

#define Shift   __exp_data.shift

Definition at line 123 of file pow.c.

SIGN_BIAS

#define SIGN_BIAS   (0x800 << EXP_TABLE_BITS)

Definition at line 176 of file pow.c.

T [1/2]

#define T   __pow_log_data.tab

Definition at line 124 of file pow.c.

T [2/2]

#define T   __exp_data.tab

Definition at line 124 of file pow.c.

Function Documentation

checkint()

static int checkint ( uint64_t  iy )

inlinestatic

Definition at line 249 of file pow.c.

{
    int e = iy >> 52 & 0x7ff;
    if (e < 0x3ff)
        return 0;
    if (e > 0x3ff + 52)
        return 2;
    if (iy & ((1ULL << (0x3ff + 52 - e)) - 1))
        return 0;
    if (iy & (1ULL << (0x3ff + 52 - e)))
        return 1;
    return 2;
}

Referenced by pow().

exp_inline()

static double exp_inline ( double_t  x, double_t  xtail, uint32_t  sign_bias  )

inlinestatic

Definition at line 180 of file pow.c.

{
    uint32_t abstop;
    uint64_t ki, idx, top, sbits;
    /* double_t for better performance on targets with FLT_EVAL_METHOD==2.  */
    double_t kd, z, r, r2, scale, tail, tmp;
 
    abstop = top12(x) & 0x7ff;
    if (predict_false(abstop - top12(0x1p-54) >=
              top12(512.0) - top12(0x1p-54))) {
        if (abstop - top12(0x1p-54) >= 0x80000000) {
            /* Avoid spurious underflow for tiny x.  */
            /* Note: 0 is common input.  */
            double_t one = WANT_ROUNDING ? 1.0 + x : 1.0;
            return sign_bias ? -one : one;
        }
        if (abstop >= top12(1024.0)) {
            /* Note: inf and nan are already handled.  */
            if (asuint64(x) >> 63)
                return __math_uflow(sign_bias);
            else
                return __math_oflow(sign_bias);
        }
        /* Large x is special cased below.  */
        abstop = 0;
    }
 
    /* exp(x) = 2^(k/N) * exp(r), with exp(r) in [2^(-1/2N),2^(1/2N)].  */
    /* x = ln2/N*k + r, with int k and r in [-ln2/2N, ln2/2N].  */
    z = InvLn2N * x;
#if TOINT_INTRINSICS
    kd = roundtoint(z);
    ki = converttoint(z);
#elif EXP_USE_TOINT_NARROW
    /* z - kd is in [-0.5-2^-16, 0.5] in all rounding modes.  */
    kd = eval_as_double(z + Shift);
    ki = asuint64(kd) >> 16;
    kd = (double_t)(int32_t)ki;
#else
    /* z - kd is in [-1, 1] in non-nearest rounding modes.  */
    kd = eval_as_double(z + Shift);
    ki = asuint64(kd);
    kd -= Shift;
#endif
    r = x + kd * NegLn2hiN + kd * NegLn2loN;
    /* The code assumes 2^-200 < |xtail| < 2^-8/N.  */
    r += xtail;
    /* 2^(k/N) ~= scale * (1 + tail).  */
    idx = 2 * (ki % N);
    top = (ki + sign_bias) << (52 - EXP_TABLE_BITS);
    tail = asdouble(T[idx]);
    /* This is only a valid scale when -1023*N < k < 1024*N.  */
    sbits = T[idx + 1] + top;
    /* exp(x) = 2^(k/N) * exp(r) ~= scale + scale * (tail + exp(r) - 1).  */
    /* Evaluation is optimized assuming superscalar pipelined execution.  */
    r2 = r * r;
    /* Without fma the worst case error is 0.25/N ulp larger.  */
    /* Worst case error is less than 0.5+1.11/N+(abs poly error * 2^53) ulp.  */
    tmp = tail + r + r2 * (C2 + r * C3) + r2 * r2 * (C4 + r * C5);
    if (predict_false(abstop == 0))
        return specialcase(tmp, sbits, ki);
    scale = asdouble(sbits);
    /* Note: tmp == 0 or |tmp| > 2^-200 and scale > 2^-739, so there
       is no spurious underflow here even without fma.  */
    return eval_as_double(scale + scale * tmp);
}

Referenced by pow().

log_inline()

static double_t log_inline ( uint64_t  ix, double_t *  tail  )

inlinestatic

Definition at line 50 of file pow.c.

{
    /* double_t for better performance on targets with FLT_EVAL_METHOD==2.  */
    double_t z, r, y, invc, logc, logctail, kd, hi, t1, t2, lo, lo1, lo2, p;
    uint64_t iz, tmp;
    int k, i;
 
    /* x = 2^k z; where z is in range [OFF,2*OFF) and exact.
       The range is split into N subintervals.
       The ith subinterval contains z and c is near its center.  */
    tmp = ix - OFF;
    i = (tmp >> (52 - POW_LOG_TABLE_BITS)) % N;
    k = (int64_t)tmp >> 52; /* arithmetic shift */
    iz = ix - (tmp & 0xfffULL << 52);
    z = asdouble(iz);
    kd = (double_t)k;
 
    /* log(x) = k*Ln2 + log(c) + log1p(z/c-1).  */
    invc = T[i].invc;
    logc = T[i].logc;
    logctail = T[i].logctail;
 
    /* Note: 1/c is j/N or j/N/2 where j is an integer in [N,2N) and
     |z/c - 1| < 1/N, so r = z/c - 1 is exactly representible.  */
#if __FP_FAST_FMA
    r = __builtin_fma(z, invc, -1.0);
#else
    /* Split z such that rhi, rlo and rhi*rhi are exact and |rlo| <= |r|.  */
    double_t zhi = asdouble((iz + (1ULL << 31)) & (-1ULL << 32));
    double_t zlo = z - zhi;
    double_t rhi = zhi * invc - 1.0;
    double_t rlo = zlo * invc;
    r = rhi + rlo;
#endif
 
    /* k*Ln2 + log(c) + r.  */
    t1 = kd * Ln2hi + logc;
    t2 = t1 + r;
    lo1 = kd * Ln2lo + logctail;
    lo2 = t1 - t2 + r;
 
    /* Evaluation is optimized assuming superscalar pipelined execution.  */
    double_t ar, ar2, ar3, lo3, lo4;
    ar = A[0] * r; /* A[0] = -0.5.  */
    ar2 = r * ar;
    ar3 = r * ar2;
    /* k*Ln2 + log(c) + r + A[0]*r*r.  */
#if __FP_FAST_FMA
    hi = t2 + ar2;
    lo3 = __builtin_fma(ar, r, -ar2);
    lo4 = t2 - hi + ar2;
#else
    double_t arhi = A[0] * rhi;
    double_t arhi2 = rhi * arhi;
    hi = t2 + arhi2;
    lo3 = rlo * (ar + arhi);
    lo4 = t2 - hi + arhi2;
#endif
    /* p = log1p(r) - r - A[0]*r*r.  */
    p = (ar3 * (A[1] + r * A[2] +
            ar2 * (A[3] + r * A[4] + ar2 * (A[5] + r * A[6]))));
    lo = lo1 + lo2 + lo3 + lo4 + p;
    y = hi + lo;
    *tail = hi - y + lo;
    return y;
}

Referenced by pow().

pow()

double pow	(	double	x,
		double	y
	)

This file has no copyright assigned and is placed in the Public Domain. This file is part of the w64 mingw-runtime package. No warranty is given; refer to the file DISCLAIMER.PD within this package.

Definition at line 269 of file pow.c.

{
    uint32_t sign_bias = 0;
    uint64_t ix, iy;
    uint32_t topx, topy;
 
    ix = asuint64(x);
    iy = asuint64(y);
    topx = top12(x);
    topy = top12(y);
    if (predict_false(topx - 0x001 >= 0x7ff - 0x001 ||
              (topy & 0x7ff) - 0x3be >= 0x43e - 0x3be)) {
        /* Note: if |y| > 1075 * ln2 * 2^53 ~= 0x1.749p62 then pow(x,y) = inf/0
           and if |y| < 2^-54 / 1075 ~= 0x1.e7b6p-65 then pow(x,y) = +-1.  */
        /* Special cases: (x < 0x1p-126 or inf or nan) or
           (|y| < 0x1p-65 or |y| >= 0x1p63 or nan).  */
        if (predict_false(zeroinfnan(iy))) {
            if (2 * iy == 0)
                return issignaling_inline(x) ? x + y : 1.0;
            if (ix == asuint64(1.0))
                return issignaling_inline(y) ? x + y : 1.0;
            if (2 * ix > 2 * asuint64(INFINITY) ||
                2 * iy > 2 * asuint64(INFINITY))
                return x + y;
            if (2 * ix == 2 * asuint64(1.0))
                return 1.0;
            if ((2 * ix < 2 * asuint64(1.0)) == !(iy >> 63))
                return 0.0; /* |x|<1 && y==inf or |x|>1 && y==-inf.  */
            return y * y;
        }
        if (predict_false(zeroinfnan(ix))) {
            double_t x2 = x * x;
            if (ix >> 63 && checkint(iy) == 1)
                x2 = -x2;
            /* Without the barrier some versions of clang hoist the 1/x2 and
               thus division by zero exception can be signaled spuriously.  */
            return iy >> 63 ? fp_barrier(1 / x2) : x2;
        }
        /* Here x and y are non-zero finite.  */
        if (ix >> 63) {
            /* Finite x < 0.  */
            int yint = checkint(iy);
            if (yint == 0)
                return __math_invalid(x);
            if (yint == 1)
                sign_bias = SIGN_BIAS;
            ix &= 0x7fffffffffffffff;
            topx &= 0x7ff;
        }
        if ((topy & 0x7ff) - 0x3be >= 0x43e - 0x3be) {
            /* Note: sign_bias == 0 here because y is not odd.  */
            if (ix == asuint64(1.0))
                return 1.0;
            if ((topy & 0x7ff) < 0x3be) {
                /* |y| < 2^-65, x^y ~= 1 + y*log(x).  */
                if (WANT_ROUNDING)
                    return ix > asuint64(1.0) ? 1.0 + y :
                                    1.0 - y;
                else
                    return 1.0;
            }
            return (ix > asuint64(1.0)) == (topy < 0x800) ?
                       __math_oflow(0) :
                       __math_uflow(0);
        }
        if (topx == 0) {
            /* Normalize subnormal x so exponent becomes negative.  */
            ix = asuint64(x * 0x1p52);
            ix &= 0x7fffffffffffffff;
            ix -= 52ULL << 52;
        }
    }
 
    double_t lo;
    double_t hi = log_inline(ix, &lo);
    double_t ehi, elo;
#if __FP_FAST_FMA
    ehi = y * hi;
    elo = y * lo + __builtin_fma(y, hi, -ehi);
#else
    double_t yhi = asdouble(iy & -1ULL << 27);
    double_t ylo = y - yhi;
    double_t lhi = asdouble(asuint64(hi) & -1ULL << 27);
    double_t llo = hi - lhi + lo;
    ehi = yhi * lhi;
    elo = ylo * lhi + y * llo; /* |elo| < |ehi| * 2^-25.  */
#endif
    return exp_inline(ehi, elo, sign_bias);
}

Referenced by exp2(), exp2f(), powf(), and powl().

specialcase()

static double specialcase ( double_t  tmp, uint64_t  sbits, uint64_t  ki  )

inlinestatic

Definition at line 138 of file pow.c.

{
    double_t scale, y;
 
    if ((ki & 0x80000000) == 0) {
        /* k > 0, the exponent of scale might have overflowed by <= 460.  */
        sbits -= 1009ull << 52;
        scale = asdouble(sbits);
        y = 0x1p1009 * (scale + scale * tmp);
        return eval_as_double(y);
    }
    /* k < 0, need special care in the subnormal range.  */
    sbits += 1022ull << 52;
    /* Note: sbits is signed scale.  */
    scale = asdouble(sbits);
    y = scale + scale * tmp;
    if (fabs(y) < 1.0) {
        /* Round y to the right precision before scaling it into the subnormal
           range to avoid double rounding that can cause 0.5+E/2 ulp error where
           E is the worst-case ulp error outside the subnormal range.  So this
           is only useful if the goal is better than 1 ulp worst-case error.  */
        double_t hi, lo, one = 1.0;
        if (y < 0.0)
            one = -1.0;
        lo = scale - y + scale * tmp;
        hi = one + y;
        lo = one - hi + y + lo;
        y = eval_as_double(hi + lo) - one;
        /* Fix the sign of 0.  */
        if (y == 0.0)
            y = asdouble(sbits & 0x8000000000000000);
        /* The underflow exception needs to be signaled explicitly.  */
        fp_force_eval(fp_barrier(0x1p-1022) * 0x1p-1022);
    }
    y = 0x1p-1022 * y;
    return eval_as_double(y);
}

Referenced by exp_inline().

top12()

static uint32_t top12 ( double  x )

inlinestatic

Definition at line 42 of file pow.c.

{
    return asuint64(x) >> 52;
}

Referenced by exp_inline(), and pow().

zeroinfnan()

static int zeroinfnan ( uint64_t  i )

inlinestatic

Definition at line 264 of file pow.c.

{
    return 2 * i - 1 >= 2 * asuint64(INFINITY) - 1;
}

Referenced by pow().